Tashkent State Technical University was founded in 1920 as a technical faculty of Turkestan State University.

Later, in 1929, the Central Asian Cotton Irrigation Polytechnic Institute was established on the basis of the technical faculty of Turkestan State University.

In 1933 it was transformed into the Central Asian Industrial Institute, in 1949 into the Central Asian Polytechnic Institute, and in 1961 into the Tashkent Polytechnic Institute.

In 1991, the Tashkent State Technical University (TSTU) was established on the basis of the Tashkent Polytechnic Institute and the Tashkent Mechanical Engineering Institute.

In 1991, on the occasion of the 1000th anniversary of the birth of Abu Rayhan Beruni, his name was given to TSTU.

In 2017, Tashkent State Technical University was named after Islam Karimov in order to perpetuate the memory of the First President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Islam Abduganievich Karimov.